Technology Transfer

<p> I would assume that every country on Earth invest in <a class="wikilink" href="/science_after_wwii_has_stagnated/"> Science after WWII has stagnated </a> . Assuming we don't ask <a class="wikilink" href="/why_investing_in_research/"> why investing in research </a> is a good strategy, we can focus on the next step, how to transform the results into actionable knowledge that can benefit society. This is generally referred to as <em> Technology Transfer </em> . </p> <p> The process has many different mechanisms that highly depend on the country, the <a class="wikilink" href="/funding_agencies/"> funding agencies </a> , and the field. A possible train of thought that permeates everything is associated with <a class="wikilink" href="/risk/"> risk </a> : research is inherently a risky endeavor. This risk is absorbed by the state. </p> <ul> <li> In <a class="wikilink" href="/biopharma/"> biopharma </a> it is common to <a class="wikilink" href="/patents/"> patents </a> a discovery, and license it to a company. Part of the risk was overcome by the discovery, but part of the risk is latent because of <a class="wikilink" href="/regulatory_needs/"> regulatory needs </a> . </li> <li> In <a class="wikilink" href="/social_sciences/"> social sciences </a> research products are more malleable and very seldom lead to a patent. These businesses focus on <a class="wikilink" href="/consulting/"> consulting </a> or perhaps some tool development such as recruitment questionnaires, personality assessment, etc. </li> <li> In <a class="wikilink" href="/physics/"> physics </a> or <a class="wikilink" href="/engineering/"> engineering </a> it is common to develop tools that lead to patents. However, it is common that no one is willing to license the technology. In this case, the development needs to be pushed further by the researchers themselves. </li> <li> <a class="wikilink" href="/chemistry/"> Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a class="wikilink" href="/biology/"> Biology </a> </li> <li> <a class="wikilink" href="/computer_science/"> Computer Science </a> </li> </ul> <p> One of the biggest concerns with technology transfer is that if risk is absorbed by public money, then there should be a fair payback. Public money is not meant to make individuals rich but to increase the well-being of society as a whole. </p> <p> <a class="wikilink" href="/licensing/"> Licensing </a> agreements ensure cash flow back to universities and institutions, but they may also give raise to discretionality and hence corruption. In many cases, the <a class="wikilink" href="/intellectual_property/"> intellectual property </a> is badly accounted for. For example, <a class="wikilink" href="/software/"> software </a> developed as part of <a class="wikilink" href="/research_projects/"> research projects </a> can be transferred to companies without any formality being involved. </p> <p> The bureaucratic overhead must not limit the <a class="wikilink" href="/technology/"> technology </a> <a class="wikilink" href="/transfer/"> transfer </a> , however. That is why I believe there should be a much more open discussion regarding intellectual property in <a class="wikilink" href="/universities/"> universities </a> , what happens when students are involved (they are not employees), how is money funneled back to research and how to incentivize researchers to pursue some level of transfer without dereliction of their duties. </p> <p> Part of the problem is that <a class="wikilink" href="/conflict_of_interest/"> conflict of interest </a> is always associated with money. However, in <a class="wikilink" href="/academia/"> academia </a> , conflict of interest may take the form of prestige, reputation, even attraction of research funding that does not make anyone rich. </p> <h2> Examples of risk absorption </h2> <p> In Europe, the <a class="wikilink" href="/erc/"> ERC </a> has special funding called <a class="wikilink" href="/proof_of_concept_grant/"> proof of concept grant </a> that is aimed exactly at developing technology out of a research program. </p> <p> In The Netherlands, <a class="wikilink" href="/nwo/"> NWO </a> has a scheme called <a class="wikilink" href="/take_off_grant/"> Take off grant </a> , that starts as a <a class="wikilink" href="/subsidy/"> subsidy </a> and evolves into a <a class="wikilink" href="/loan/"> loan </a> . </p> <h2> What to read </h2> <p> I am looking for reports, books, papers that tackle the issue of technology transfer in different countries. Which policies lead to what results. </p> <p> Tags: <a href="/tags/technology-transfer"> #technology-transfer </a> <a href="/tags/academia"> #academia </a> <a href="/tags/education"> #education </a> <a href="/tags/value-generation"> #value-generation </a> </p>